# 彭雷 · Peng Lei — 封面传记 ACF-00-00123

> 亚洲封面人物 Asia Cover Figure · 机器可读档案（LLM-ready）。本文件由官网结构化档案数据自动生成，供 AI 检索与引用。中文全文与英文全文对照编排。

## 档案元数据 Metadata

- 封面编码 ACF Code：**ACF-00-00123**
- 姓名 Name：彭雷 / Peng Lei
- 职务 Title：创始人兼CEO / Founder & CEO
- 公司 Company：格式塔（成都）科技有限公司 / Gestalt (Chengdu) Technology Co., Ltd.
- 篇别 Category：格局（格局篇 / Cover Biography (Geju)）
- 入档日期 Accessioned：2026-01-18
- 标签 Tags：脑机接口, 连续创业者, 超声脑机接口, 客如云, 脑虎科技, 阿里巴巴, 硬科技, 神经科学
- 永久档案链接 Archive URL：https://coverfigure.com/acf/ACF-00-00123/geju
- English archive：https://coverfigure.com/acf/ACF-00-00123/geju?lang=en
- 官网原文报道 Feature story：https://coverfigure.com/acf/figure/penglei

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## 卷首 Editorial Intro

中国创业史走过四十余年，每一代人都在回答不同的时代命题。改革开放的第一代企业家回答的是"从无到有"的问题——在计划经济的废墟上建立市场经济的基本框架；互联网时代创业者回答的是"从慢到快"的问题——用模式创新和流量红利重新定义商业效率；而当中国创业进入硬科技时代，新一代创业者需要回答的，是一个更为根本的命题：如何在科学和工程的深水区，找到从实验室到商业化的可行路径。这个问题之所以困难，在于它要求创业者同时具备科学家的认知深度和企业家的执行能力，而这两种气质在一个人身上的融合，历来是创业世界中最为稀缺的。

彭雷的意义，正是在这个时代命题的框架下被定义。他在中国互联网的创业浪潮中完成了从大学生创业到公司被巨头收购的完整闭环，积累了商业经验和资本回报。然而在41岁那年，他做出了一个令所有观察者费解的选择——告别互联网世界流量与快钱的逻辑，投身脑机接口这个前沿硬科技领域。更令人意外的是，45岁的他选择重返校园攻读博士学位，将"懂科学的创业者"作为新的自我定位。从博维网到名片网，从24券到客如云，从脑虎科技到格式塔——每一次转身都意味着放弃已有的积累，以初学者姿态重新面对不确定性。

亚洲《封面人物》杂志的独立编委会通过长期产业观察与严格评审机制，将彭雷纳入亚洲商业领袖的终身档案编码体系，进行永久存证。这套编码系统旨在为每个时代的产业坐标人物建立跨越时间的身份标识。他的核心标签——连续创业者、认知破壁者、硬科技探索者、自我颠覆者、好奇心驱动者——共同指向一个事实：在中国创业精神从模式创新向科学创新转型的关键节点上，他用最决绝的方式完成了一次关于创业本质的深层追问。

On the Chinese entrepreneurial landscape, serial entrepreneurs represent a unique and rare group. Not content with replicating success on proven tracks, they continuously push themselves toward the boundaries of cognition, seeking the next 'zero to one' thrill. This impulse drives them to abandon comfort zones, plunge into entirely unfamiliar domains, and face all uncertainty with a beginner's mindset. The subject of this profile is precisely such a serial entrepreneur — he completed the full loop from college student entrepreneur to company acquired by a tech giant in the internet arena, yet at 41 made a decision that baffled everyone: bidding farewell to the logic of traffic and quick money to devote himself to brain-computer interfaces, a cutting-edge hard technology domain. Even more unexpectedly, at 45 he chose to return to campus for a doctoral degree, establishing 'a scientist-entrepreneur' as his new self-positioning. This is not a story about what to do with 'leftover energy' after financial freedom, but a case study of how curiosity drives a person to continuously break through self-imposed boundaries and choose the hardest path at life's peak.

## 人物速览 Lead

他是互联网赛道的成功者，从餐饮SaaS标杆到被阿里10亿收购。却在事业巅峰转身跳入脑机接口——这个人类认知最前沿的未知地带。从流量逻辑到生命逻辑，彭雷用六次创业证明：真正的创业者永远在寻找从0到1的兴奋。

He was a winner in the internet arena — from building a restaurant SaaS benchmark to a 1-billion-yuan acquisition by Alibaba. Yet at the peak of his career, he pivoted into brain-computer interfaces — the most uncharted frontier of human cognition. From traffic logic to life logic, Peng Lei's six startups prove one thing: true entrepreneurs are forever chasing the thrill of going from zero to one.

## 正文 Archive Chapters

### 1. 不安分的成都少年：从科大到互联网浪潮 / The Restless Chengdu Youth: From USTC to the Internet Wave

1980年11月，彭雷出生于四川省成都市。在成都生活了18年的他，身上始终带着这座城市赋予的独特气质——既有成都人骨子里的从容与松弛，又有一种关键时刻'收起慵懒、骁勇善战'的川人本色。他曾笑言：'少不入川嘛，在成都呆了18年，必须要离开一下。'1998年，彭雷如愿考入中国科学技术大学机械电子工程专业，第一次离开了熟悉的巴蜀之地。在科大，他是个另类的存在。同班同学中20%到30%去了美国深造，约40%进入中科院各研究所，其余则通过省考国考进入公务员体系。而彭雷，是大一就开始创业的那个人。2000年，大三的彭雷创立了博维社区——教育网内最大的内容服务提供网站之一，提供BBS、博客、在线娱乐等丰富内容。他创建的音乐社区'彭彭听吧'至今仍被老用户怀念。网站流量极高，Alexa排名一度冲入全球300强，成为国内最大的资源性门户网站之一。然而，学生创业者最大的短板不是技术，而是商业化能力。'流量做得很高，但不知道怎么赚钱。'最终，博维网被卖给北京一家公司，大致卖了几十万。'当时还是年轻，卖了之后也没什么感觉，也不懂什么溢价。'彭雷后来回忆时如此评价。揣着几十万的'巨款'，彭雷和几个合伙人来到北京，开始了长达十一年的北漂生活。面对为什么当时没买房这个问题，他笑言：'西直门的一个小区，一平米7500，我看了之后觉得西直门交通这么不方便，还卖这么贵，泡沫太严重，然后就没买。'这段插曲成为他日后反复调侃自己的经典素材。2003年至2005年，彭雷赴香港理工大学攻读软件工程硕士。硕士毕业后，他自信地说：'我想试一下自己的上限到底是什么。'带着对创业的执念和对时代机遇的敏锐嗅觉，他一头扎进了中国互联网最蓬勃的年代。从校园内容社区到数据库营销，从社交网络到团购大战——中国互联网的每一波浪潮，彭雷都亲身参与了。正如他所说：'我是我们班唯一一个创业的，就是太不安分了，从离开成都那一天起我就没打算安安稳稳地待下去。'这种不安分，恰恰是中国第一代互联网创业者最典型的特质：在混沌中寻找秩序，在不确定性中捕捉机遇。这段不安分的基因，成为贯穿他此后二十五年创业历程的主旋律。在科大的几年，是彭雷把自己人生想得比较清楚的起步阶段。他特别享受做未知的事情，那种从0到1、从1到10的兴奋感，至今未变。这份好奇心，将成为他此后所有创业决策的原点。

**English:** In November 1980, Peng Lei was born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Having lived 18 years in Chengdu, he has always carried the unique temperament this city imparts — both the innate composure and ease of Chengdu people, and a Sichuanese quality of 'shaking off laziness and fighting bravely' at critical moments. He once joked: 'They say young people shouldn't stay in Sichuan — I'd been in Chengdu for 18 years and just had to leave.' In 1998, Peng Lei was admitted to the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), majoring in Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, leaving familiar Sichuan for the first time. At USTC, he was an anomaly. Among his classmates, 20-30% went to the US for graduate studies, about 40% entered various Chinese Academy of Sciences research institutes, and the rest joined the civil service system. Peng Lei, however, was the one who started entrepreneurship in his freshman year. In 2000, junior-year Peng Lei founded Bowei Community — one of the largest content service providers within the education network, offering BBS, blogs, online entertainment, and rich content. His music community 'PengPeng TingBa' is still remembered by veteran users. The site achieved extremely high traffic, with Alexa ranking once breaking into the global top 300, becoming one of China's largest resource portal websites. However, the biggest weakness of student entrepreneurs isn't technology but commercialization capability. 'Traffic was high, but we didn't know how to make money.' Eventually, Bowei was sold to a Beijing company for several hundred thousand yuan. 'I was young then — after selling it, I didn't really feel anything, didn't understand premium valuation,' Peng Lei recalled. Carrying this 'huge sum' of several hundred thousand, Peng Lei and several partners went to Beijing, beginning an 11-year Beijing migrant life. When asked why he didn't buy property then, he jokes: 'An apartment in Xizhimen was 7,500 yuan per square meter. I thought the transportation was inconvenient and the price too high — bubble territory, so I didn't buy.' This anecdote became classic self-deprecating material he'd revisit repeatedly. From 2003 to 2005, Peng Lei pursued a master's degree in Software Engineering at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. After graduation, he confidently declared: 'I want to test what my upper limit really is.' With entrepreneurial obsession and acute sensitivity to era-defining opportunities, he plunged headfirst into the most vigorous era of China's internet. From campus content communities to database marketing, from social networking to the Groupon-style group buying war — Peng Lei personally participated in every wave of China's internet. As he said: 'I was the only one in my class who started businesses — just too restless. From the day I left Chengdu, I never planned to settle down comfortably.' This restlessness was precisely the most typical trait of China's first generation of internet entrepreneurs: finding order in chaos, capturing opportunity in uncertainty. This restless gene would become the recurring melody throughout his subsequent twenty-five years of entrepreneurship. His years at USTC marked the beginning of Peng Lei thinking clearly about his life's direction. He especially enjoyed working on unknown things — that thrill of going from zero to one, from one to ten — a feeling that remains unchanged to this day. This curiosity would become the origin point of all his subsequent entrepreneurial decisions.

### 2. 千团大战的洗礼：从24券到客如云的蜕变 / Baptism by the Thousand Groupons War: From 24 Coupon to Keruyun

2006年至2010年，是彭雷互联网创业的快速迭代期。他先后创立了名片网和FirstDM首达传媒——前者成为国内最大的名片数据交换平台，积累了700万张名片；后者发展为国内最大的数据库营销公司之一，获得300万美元风险投资。'这是我第一次接触到数据，觉得数据的价值非常大，'彭雷回忆创立名片网时的感悟。然而，真正让他经历创业'成人礼'的，是2010年的那场千团大战。2010年初，彭雷敏锐察觉到团购模式的潜力，与杜一楠联合创立了24券团购网。同一周，王兴在北京创立了美团。两家公司几乎同在北京海淀的高校圈起家，几乎是'同台对打'之势。24券迅速跻身中国团购行业前五名，2011年全年销售额超过10亿元，团队一度膨胀到4500人，累计融资超过5000万美元。然而，'千团大战'的惨烈程度超出所有人预期。彭雷后来坦言：'当时我们团购网站员工最多时有4500人，融了5000多万美金，然后一年的时间全部烧完。烧到最后，没有留下任何东西。'1000家团购网站诞生，最终只活下来美团一家。'那次经历让我第一次感受到：机会对所有人公平，但最终为什么只能活一个？这涉及到组织、战略、战术等方方面面。'这次失败成为彭雷创业生涯最重要的分水岭。'每一次失败在当下都一定是痛苦的，但隔远了回头看，全是宝贵的经验。'那些至暗时刻像磨刀石一样，打磨出他后来处变不惊的心智。带着团购行业的沉淀与反思，2012年8月，彭雷创立了客如云——这次他不再是跟随者，而是定义者。他敏锐地发现了团购模式的一个根本缺陷：'纯线上的东西改变人们生活的空间比较有限。未来的趋势是O2O，线上和线下相结合。而团购没有把线上和线下完全打通。'客如云的定位是做一家'To B的苹果'——为餐饮、零售、美业等服务业商家提供软硬一体的SaaS智能管理系统。如同当年马云说服蔡崇信加入阿里巴巴一样，彭雷用七八次邀请说服了24券时的投资人KK入伙担任合伙人和COO。'最初他一星期来公司上班一天，后来变成2天、3天、4天、5天，再后来7天都在，他已经难以自拔啦。'彭雷打趣道。2015年12月，客如云挂牌新三板。2016年，营业收入同比增长640%至7305万元。2017年进入新三板创新层，签约商家1.5万家，单月GMV突破9亿元。客如云成为餐饮SaaS领域的标杆企业，服务商户超过40万家，海底捞、比格比萨、正大集团等大型连锁企业都是其客户。从千团大战的废墟中走出来，彭雷完成了一次关键的蜕变——从追求规模到追求效率，从C端流量逻辑转向B端价值创造逻辑。这个转变，为他日后跨界进入硬科技领域埋下了思维基础。

**English:** From 2006 to 2010 was Peng Lei's rapid iteration period in internet entrepreneurship. He successively founded Namecard Network and FirstDM — the former became China's largest business card data exchange platform, accumulating 7 million business cards; the latter grew into one of China's largest database marketing companies, securing USD 3 million in venture capital. 'This was my first encounter with data, and I felt the enormous value of data,' Peng Lei recalled when reflecting on the Namecard Network founding. However, what truly served as his entrepreneurial 'coming of age' was the 2010 Groupon-style war. In early 2010, Peng Lei acutely sensed the potential of the group buying model and co-founded 24 Coupon with Du Yinan. That same week, Wang Xing founded Meituan in Beijing. Both companies originated almost simultaneously in Beijing's Haidian university district, essentially head-to-head competitors. 24 Coupon rapidly entered China's top five group buying sites, with full-year 2011 sales exceeding 1 billion yuan. The team swelled to 4,500 people at peak, with cumulative funding exceeding USD 50 million. However, the brutality of the 'Thousand Groupons War' exceeded everyone's expectations. Peng Lei later admitted: 'At peak, we had 4,500 employees, raised over 50 million USD, and burned through everything in one year. By the end, nothing remained.' A thousand group buying sites were born; ultimately only Meituan survived. 'That experience made me feel for the first time: opportunity is fair to everyone, so why can only one survive in the end? It involves organization, strategy, tactics, and so many factors.' This failure became the most critical watershed in Peng Lei's entrepreneurial career. 'Every failure is certainly painful in the moment, but looking back from a distance, it's all precious experience.' Those darkest moments served as a whetstone, sharpening his later equanimity. Carrying the sediment and reflection from the group buying industry, in August 2012, Peng Lei founded Keruyun — this time not as a follower, but as a definer. He acutely identified a fundamental flaw in the group buying model: 'Pure online things have limited space to change people's lives. The future trend is O2O, combining online and offline. Group buying didn't fully bridge online and offline.' Keruyun positioned itself as 'a To B Apple' — providing integrated hardware-software SaaS intelligent management systems for restaurant, retail, and beauty service merchants. Just as Ma Yun once persuaded Joe Tsai to join Alibaba, Peng Lei invited his 24 Coupon investor KK to join as partner and COO through seven or eight invitations. 'Initially he came to the office one day a week, then 2 days, 3 days, 4, 5, eventually 7 days — he was completely hooked,' Peng Lei joked. In December 2015, Keruyun listed on the New Third Board. In 2016, revenue grew 640% year-on-year to 73.05 million yuan. In 2017, it entered the Innovation Layer, with 15,000 signed merchants and monthly GMV breaking 900 million yuan. Keruyun became a benchmark enterprise in restaurant SaaS, serving over 400,000 merchants including Haidilao, Big Pizza, CP Group, and other major chains. Emerging from the rubble of the Groupon wars, Peng Lei completed a critical metamorphosis — from pursuing scale to pursuing efficiency, from C-end traffic logic to B-end value creation logic. This transformation laid the cognitive foundation for his later cross-sector leap into hard technology.

### 3. 10亿卖身的抉择：加入阿里与三年的沉淀 / The Billion-Yuan Exit Decision: Joining Alibaba and Three Years of Reflection

2019年，客如云迎来了命运的转折点。阿里巴巴以约8至10亿元的对价全资收购了客如云——这家彭雷花了七年时间一手打造的餐饮SaaS标杆企业。彭雷也随之加入阿里，担任阿里巴巴本地生活资深副总裁。对于外界而言，这是一次完美的退出：39岁，公司卖了近10亿元，进入全球顶级互联网公司担任高管。但对彭雷来说，这只是另一段学习的开始。'想看看全球最好的互联网公司之一的管理和战略，'他如此解释加入阿里的初衷。在阿里的三年，恰好经历了阿里巴巴最动荡的时期——反垄断调查、蚂蚁集团上市暂停、组织架构调整。彭雷在这段经历中获得了两个重要认知：第一，决定一项技术能否产生长期价值的，不只是模型能力本身，还包括数据基础、工程体系、应用场景和组织能力；第二，国家在战略上正在引导创业往硬科技方向靠拢。'如果逆着时代趋势做事，再强的能力也很难出成果。'这段沉淀期让彭雷开始认真思考下一次创业的方向。他意识到，自己在互联网领域已经完成了从0到100的全程——从大学生创业到公司被巨头收购，该证明的都证明了。但内心深处，那个'想试一下自己上限'的声音从未停止。'我的本科、研究生都是围绕科技在做研究，所以我长期感兴趣的方向还是在硬科技领域。'他开始系统性地研究未来十年的产业机会。2021年，马斯克的Neuralink取得了一系列进展，脑机接口这个赛道进入了彭雷的视野。'这个赛道非常有挑战。它在探索一些我觉得非常有意义的终极答案，比如人类为什么会这样思考，为什么这样认识世界。'这个判断触发了彭雷骨子里的创业冲动。更重要的是，他对智能本质的思考逐渐成型——'如果我们不了解大脑，是否真的能够创造出智能？人工智能跟神经科学，是同一枚硬币的两面。'这个比喻后来成为他反复提及的核心理念，甚至被做成了纪念币：一面是硅基芯片架构，另一面是人脑。2021年10月，彭雷做出了一个令所有人意外的决定：辞去阿里本地生活资深副总裁的职务，联合中科大本科同学、中科院上海微系统所的陶虎研究员，共同创立了上海脑虎科技有限公司（NeuroXess），正式踏入脑机接口这一全新领域。这段沉淀期的另一个重要收获，是对'硬科技'这个概念的系统性认知。在阿里的最后一年，彭雷频繁走访了国内外多家硬科技企业和研究机构，逐步建立起对脑机接口、基因编辑、量子计算等前沿领域的认知框架。他发现，硬科技创业与互联网创业的最大差异在于：前者必须在人类认知边界上工作，每一个技术突破都需要漫长的研发周期和大量的基础科学积累。这正是他渴望的挑战。

**English:** In 2019, Keruyun reached its turning point. Alibaba acquired Keruyun outright for approximately 800 million to 1 billion yuan — the restaurant SaaS benchmark enterprise Peng Lei had built with his own hands over seven years. Peng Lei subsequently joined Alibaba as Senior Vice President of Alibaba Local Life Services. To outsiders, this was a perfect exit: at 39, company sold for nearly 1 billion yuan, entering a world-class internet company as an executive. But for Peng Lei, this was merely the beginning of another learning chapter. 'I wanted to see the management and strategy of one of the world's best internet companies,' he explained as his motivation for joining Alibaba. His three years at Alibaba coincided with its most turbulent period — antitrust investigations, Ant Group IPO suspension, organizational restructuring. From this experience, Peng Lei gained two crucial insights: first, what determines whether a technology creates long-term value isn't just model capability, but data foundation, engineering systems, application scenarios, and organizational capability; second, the state was strategically guiding entrepreneurship toward hard technology. 'If you work against the era's trend, no matter how strong your capability, it's hard to produce results.' This period of reflection led Peng Lei to seriously consider his next entrepreneurial direction. He realized he had completed the full journey from zero to 100 in the internet domain — from college student entrepreneur to company acquired by a tech giant. Everything to prove had been proven. But deep inside, that voice asking 'what's my upper limit?' never stopped. 'My undergraduate and graduate studies both revolved around technology research, so my long-term interest has always been in hard technology.' He began systematically researching industrial opportunities for the next decade. In 2021, Elon Musk's Neuralink made a series of advances, and the brain-computer interface track entered Peng Lei's视野. 'This track is extremely challenging. It's exploring some ultimate answers I find deeply meaningful — why humans think the way we do, why we perceive the world the way we do.' This judgment triggered Peng Lei's innate entrepreneurial impulse. More importantly, his thinking about the essence of intelligence gradually crystallized — 'If we don't understand the brain, can we truly create intelligence? AI and neuroscience are two sides of the same coin.' This metaphor later became a core concept he repeatedly invoked, even minting it into a commemorative coin: one side showing silicon chip architecture, the other showing the human brain. In October 2021, Peng Lei made a decision that surprised everyone: he resigned from his Alibaba Senior Vice President position and, together with his USTC college classmate and CAS Shanghai Institute of Microsystem researcher Tao Hu, co-founded Shanghai NeuroXess Technology Co., Ltd., formally entering the entirely new domain of brain-computer interfaces. Another important harvest from this period of reflection was a systematic understanding of the concept of 'hard technology.' In his final year at Alibaba, Peng Lei frequently visited numerous hard tech enterprises and research institutions domestically and internationally, gradually building a cognitive framework for frontier fields like BCI, gene editing, and quantum computing. He discovered the biggest difference between hard tech and internet entrepreneurship: the former must operate at the boundary of human cognition, with every technological breakthrough requiring long R&D cycles and substantial basic scientific accumulation. This was precisely the challenge he craved.

### 4. 从互联网到脑科学：脑虎科技的创业征程 / From Internet to Brain Science: The NeuroXess Entrepreneurial Journey

2021年10月，彭雷与大学同学陶虎共同创立了脑虎科技（NeuroXess），将其定义为'通过柔性脑机接口技术来保护及探索大脑的生命科技公司'。这是彭雷第一次进入硬科技创业领域，与之前的互联网创业形成了根本性的差异。'过去更多是商业模式、资本、强运营、强管理。而硬科技最大的区别是，要回答很多科学问题，包括基础原理、工程上还没有找到答案的事。我们原来做的事很少在人类认知边界以外，而硬科技创业从第一天起，就可能是在人类认知的边缘。'这个认知转变是痛苦的，也是深刻的。脑虎科技的核心产品是微创植入式高通量柔性脑机接口系统。与马斯克的Neuralink采用的刚性电极不同，脑虎科技采用柔性电极技术——电极在大脑内会随着日常生活跟着大脑一起运动，不会产生相对位移，不会对大脑产生切割作用。'我们还有一个特征是柔性，'彭雷强调，'柔性电极在大脑里面会随着日常生活跟着大脑一起运动，没有相对位移，不会对大脑产生切割作用。'在技术指标上，脑虎科技单器件通道数达到2640个，超过了Neuralink当时公开的1024个通道。公司成立仅三个月，便获得近亿元融资，成为国内脑机接口领域最大规模的早期融资，投资方包括盛大集团、红杉资本、涌铧资本等顶级机构。2022年1月，脑虎科技宣布完成9700万元天使轮及pre-A轮融资。同年12月，在钛媒体2022 EDGE Awards全球创新评选中获得'年度前沿科技'企业大奖。2023年7月，彭雷出席世界人工智能大会脑机智能与数字生命论坛；9月，携'微创植入式高通量柔性脑机接口'项目参加'海聚英才'全球创新创业大赛并获得'银聚奖'。然而，硬科技创业的学习曲线远比互联网陡峭。'我们过去都没做过医疗器械，相关的法律法规、生产制造等能力都是后来慢慢补齐的。怎么做制造、管理质量、做注册、做临床，如何和专家合作等，刚开始我们都是懵懵懂懂，真正把这些门道搞清楚，至少花了一年半时间。'在做了两三年脑机接口后，彭雷意识到一个关键问题：不能把大脑简单看作插上电极就能解码的东西。大脑涉及的信息极为庞杂，从细胞到神经环路，从生物机制到化学递质再到电信号，层次多元、维度丰富，这些都需要系统学习。同时，顶尖硬科技公司需要科研与产业双轮驱动。'我懂工程、懂产品、懂商业，但科研能力在毕业后就被搁下了。'他决心重新建立科研轨道，像DeepMind创始人戴密斯·哈萨比斯那样，成为既懂科研又懂产业的创业者。

**English:** In October 2021, Peng Lei and college classmate Tao Hu co-founded NeuroXess, defining it as 'a life technology company protecting and exploring the brain through flexible brain-computer interface technology.' This was Peng Lei's first foray into hard tech entrepreneurship, fundamentally different from his previous internet ventures. 'Before it was mostly business models, capital, strong operations, strong management. The biggest difference with hard tech is having to answer many scientific questions, including fundamental principles and engineering problems that haven't been solved yet. What we did before rarely operated beyond the boundaries of human cognition, whereas hard tech entrepreneurship from day one may operate at the edge of human cognition.' This cognitive transformation was painful yet profound. NeuroXess's core product is a minimally invasive implantable high-throughput flexible BCI system. Unlike Neuralink's rigid electrodes, NeuroXess uses flexible electrode technology — electrodes move with the brain during daily life without relative displacement, avoiding any cutting damage. 'Another key feature is flexibility,' Peng Lei emphasized. 'Flexible electrodes move with the brain during daily activities, with no relative displacement, no cutting effect on the brain.' On technical metrics, NeuroXess achieved 2,640 channels per device, surpassing Neuralink's publicly disclosed 1,024 channels. Just three months after founding, the company secured nearly 100 million yuan in funding, becoming the largest early-stage financing in China's BCI field, with investors including Shanda Group, Sequoia Capital, and Yonghua Capital. In January 2022, NeuroXess announced completion of 97 million yuan angel and pre-A round financing. That December, it won the 'Frontier Technology of the Year' award at Titanium Media's 2022 EDGE Awards. In July 2023, Peng Lei attended the WAICI Brain Intelligence and Digital Life Forum; in September, he brought the 'minimally invasive implantable high-throughput flexible BCI' project to the 'Gathering Global Talents' competition, winning the Silver Award. However, the learning curve in hard tech was far steeper than in the internet. 'We'd never made medical devices before. Relevant regulations, production manufacturing capabilities — all had to be slowly built up. How to do manufacturing, manage quality, handle registration, run clinical trials, collaborate with experts — at the start we were completely clueless. It took at least a year and a half to truly figure out the process.' After two or three years in BCI, Peng Lei realized a critical issue: the brain cannot be simply viewed as something you can decode by plugging in electrodes. The brain involves extraordinarily complex information — from cells to neural circuits, from biological mechanisms to chemical neurotransmitters to electrical signals — multi-layered, multi-dimensional, requiring systematic study. Simultaneously, top-tier hard tech companies need dual engines of research and industry. 'I understand engineering, products, and business, but my research capability was shelved after graduation.' He resolved to rebuild his research track, aspiring to become a scientist-entrepreneur like DeepMind founder Demis Hassabis.

### 5. 45岁重返校园：复旦博士生的学术苦旅 / Returning to Campus at 45: The Academic Journey of a Fudan PhD Student

2024年，45岁的彭雷做出了又一个令外界费解的决定：以博士生身份进入复旦大学类脑智能科学与技术研究院，师从类脑院院长冯建峰教授。一个已经创办过六家公司、身家过亿的连续创业者，为什么要回去当学生？'做了两三年脑机接口后，我意识到，不能把大脑简单看作插上电极就能解码的东西。'彭雷如此解释这个决定的底层逻辑。大脑涉及的信息极为庞杂，从细胞到神经环路，从生物机制到化学递质再到电信号，层次多元、维度丰富，这些都需要系统学习。此外，顶尖硬科技公司需要科研与产业双轮驱动。'我懂工程、懂产品、懂商业，但科研能力在毕业后就被搁下了。我决心重新建立科研轨道。'选择复旦几乎没有犹豫。'复旦类脑院在全国的神经科学与类脑研究领域有着绝对优势。类脑院既从生物角度解码大脑、又从数学角度模拟大脑的交叉视角，恰好与我的理念完美契合。'入学后，彭雷跟随冯建峰围绕脑机接口开展研究。一方面用柔性电极做海马体的编码解码研究，另一方面以超声为核心手段，聚焦于对神经信号的'读写'能力研究，提升全脑超声成像与调控的时空分辨率，以深入探索神经科学机制、挖掘疾病干预靶点，并进一步将医用超声与声遗传学技术相结合。读博的日子，是彭雷多年来少有的能慢下来的时光。博士第一年课程多，他力求使选课安排更为紧凑，从早到晚辗转各个校区，其余时间继续打理公司。旁人听着都觉得累，他却觉得游刃有余。'因为学的东西和做的事情都是一回事。'课堂上学到的神经科学知识，转头就能用到公司的研发里；和导师讨论的论文，公司科学家们推进的研究，都在同一张蓝图上。从导师身上，彭雷学到最多的是'如何做严肃的科研'。他仍记得第一次汇报研究进展时，冯老师教导他，脑信号并非简单的线性统计分类过程，仅用一阶矩并不足以充分表征其信息结构，要到二阶矩甚至三阶及以上的高阶统计量才能揭示更复杂的表征信息。'原本我在这方面思考很少，冯老师基于基础数学和生物信息学出发的科研思考框架给了我很大的启发。'2025年初，彭雷受聘加入天府锦城实验室担任特聘研究员，形成沪蓉两地在科研和产业的共建协作。他参加学院羽毛球队，和同学一起打比赛，享受着难得的校园生活。'我现在是一个懂科学的创业者，希望未来能成为一个懂创业的科学家。'而关于'人为什么是人'的终极追问，彭雷坦言，可能一生都找不到答案。'但在45岁时能锁定脑机接口这样一个兼具科研挑战、工程实现与哲学思考的方向，本身就是一种难得的幸运。'

**English:** In 2024, 45-year-old Peng Lei made yet another baffling decision: enrolling as a PhD student at Fudan University's Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), studying under Professor Feng Jianfeng, the institute's director. Why would a serial entrepreneur who had founded six companies and amassed a fortune exceeding 100 million yuan go back to being a student? 'After two or three years in BCI, I realized the brain cannot be simply viewed as something decodable by plugging in electrodes,' Peng Lei explained as the underlying logic. The brain involves extraordinarily complex information — from cells to neural circuits, from biological mechanisms to chemical neurotransmitters to electrical signals — multi-layered, multi-dimensional, requiring systematic study. Moreover, top-tier hard tech companies need dual engines of research and industry. 'I understand engineering, products, and business, but my research capability was shelved after graduation. I resolved to rebuild my research track.' Choosing Fudan required no hesitation. 'Fudan ISTBI holds absolute advantages nationally in neuroscience and brain-inspired research. The institute's cross-disciplinary perspective — decoding the brain from a biological angle while simulating it from a mathematical angle — perfectly aligns with my philosophy.' After enrollment, Peng Lei worked with Feng Jianfeng on BCI research. On one hand, using flexible electrodes for hippocampal encoding-decoding research; on the other, using ultrasound as the core tool, focusing on 'read-write' capability for neural signals, improving spatiotemporal resolution of whole-brain ultrasound imaging and modulation, deeply exploring neuroscience mechanisms, mining disease intervention targets, and further combining medical ultrasound with sonogenetics technology. His PhD days represent rare moments of slowing down in recent years. First-year doctoral courses were intensive — he arranged his schedule as compactly as possible, shuttling between campuses from morning to evening, managing the company in remaining time. Others found it exhausting; he found it effortless. 'Because what I study and what I do are the same thing.' Neuroscience knowledge learned in class could immediately be applied to company R&D; papers discussed with advisors and research advanced by company scientists all existed on the same blueprint. From his advisor, Peng Lei learned most about 'how to conduct serious research.' He still remembers his first research progress report, when Professor Feng taught him that brain signals are not simple linear statistical classification processes — first-order moments alone cannot adequately characterize their information structure; one must go to second-order moments or even third-order and higher statistical quantities to reveal more complex representational information. 'I had given little thought to this before. Professor Feng's research thinking framework, grounded in fundamental mathematics and bioinformatics, greatly inspired me.' In early 2025, Peng Lei was appointed as a Distinguished Research Fellow at Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, forming a collaborative research-industry bridge between Shanghai and Chengdu. He joined the university badminton team, competing alongside classmates, enjoying rare campus life. 'I am now a science-literate entrepreneur; I hope to become an entrepreneurship-literate scientist in the future.' As for the ultimate question of 'why humans are human,' Peng Lei admits he may never find the answer in his lifetime. 'But being able to lock onto a direction like BCI at 45 — one combining research challenge, engineering implementation, and philosophical reflection — is itself a rare fortune.'

### 6. 格式塔的诞生：超声脑机接口的全脑野心 / Birth of Gestalt: The Whole-Brain Ambition of Ultrasound BCI

2025年下半年，彭雷的创业轨迹迎来了第二次重大转向。在深入研究超声波脑机接口技术后，他做出了一个大胆的决定：退出脑虎科技，创立一家全新的公司——格式塔科技，专注于超声脑机接口路线。'2025年下半年，我看到了超声波脑机接口这个全新的技术栈，系统性地把国内外的科学家和公司都聊了一遍，觉得这个技术栈非常有想象空间，'彭雷回忆道。'完美符合我对一个新赛道的想象：刚起势、技术足够领先、在人类认知边界上。'2026年1月1日，彭雷联合盛大集团创始人陈天桥正式创立格式塔（成都）科技有限公司。'格式塔'这个名字取自心理学中'整体大于部分之和'的理念，暗合着彭雷对全脑研究的执着。超声脑机接口与传统电学脑机接口形成鲜明对比。传统侵入式脑机接口具备较高的时空分辨率，但受限于手术方式，只能做局部脑区的信号采集和调控，仅限于局部区域。而超声技术则在非侵入式特性前提下，首次让'全脑读写'的实现成为可能。'超声在脑机接口领域拥有极高的技术天花板，未来发展前景与想象空间十分广阔，'彭雷表示。'同时，由于超声技术具备非侵入式的特点，其临床转化难度更低，更易快速跑通商业闭环。'彭雷将超声脑机接口的'读'的能力解释为：超声波通过超快超声成像，具备对不同脑区微小血管血流信号的高时空分辨率记录能力，进而勾勒出完整的全脑活动图谱。而'写'的能力，则是超声波通过相控阵方式无需开颅就能精准调控特定脑区神经活动，实现神经元的兴奋或抑制调节。格式塔成立仅三个月，便完成1.5亿元人民币天使轮融资，由国生资本、道彤投资联合领投，刷新中国脑机接口领域天使轮融资最高纪录。2026年7月，又完成4.2亿元天使+轮融资。两轮合计融资5.7亿元，为格式塔争取了充裕的研发窗口。Neuralink前临床转化负责人Bashar Badran于2026年4月加入格式塔，出任临床与科研副总裁。公司核心团队由来自美国、以色列、欧洲的国际化人才组成，形成了'立足中国、全球团队'的独特格局。在技术路线选择上，彭雷展现了连续创业者的决断力——当超声技术展现出超越电学路线的潜力时，他毫不犹豫地切换赛道，甚至退出了自己亲手创立的脑虎科技。'我们可以兵分两路：脑虎做电学脑机接口，格式塔做声学脑机接口，共同推动未知的探索。'这种自我颠覆的勇气，恰恰是彭雷最核心的创业者特质。

**English:** In H2 2025, Peng Lei's entrepreneurial trajectory underwent its second major pivot. After deeply researching ultrasound BCI technology, he made a bold decision: exit NeuroXess and found an entirely new company — Gestalt Technology — focused on the ultrasound BCI route. 'In the second half of 2025, I discovered the entirely new technology stack of ultrasound BCI, systematically speaking with scientists and companies domestically and internationally, and felt this technology stack had enormous imaginative space,' Peng Lei recalled. 'It perfectly matched my imagination of a new track: just emerging, technology sufficiently advanced, at the boundary of human cognition.' On January 1, 2026, Peng Lei together with Shanda Group founder Chen Tianqiao formally founded Gestalt (Chengdu) Technology Co., Ltd. The name 'Gestalt' draws from psychology's 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,' echoing Peng Lei's obsession with whole-brain research. Ultrasound BCI stands in stark contrast to traditional electrical BCI. Traditional invasive BCI has high spatiotemporal resolution but is limited by surgical approach to local brain region signal acquisition and modulation. Ultrasound technology, with its non-invasive characteristics, for the first time makes 'whole-brain read-write' achievable. 'Ultrasound possesses extremely high technical ceilings in the BCI field, with broad future development prospects and imaginative space,' Peng Lei stated. 'Simultaneously, due to ultrasound's non-invasive nature, clinical translation difficulty is lower, more easily enabling rapid commercial closure.' Peng Lei explains ultrasound BCI's 'read' capability as: ultrasound through ultra-fast imaging achieves high spatiotemporal resolution recording of microvascular blood flow signals across different brain regions, mapping complete whole-brain activity profiles. The 'write' capability uses phased array approaches to precisely modulate neural activity in specific brain regions without craniotomy, achieving neuronal excitation or inhibition regulation. Just three months after founding, Gestalt completed 150 million yuan angel round financing, co-led by Guosheng Capital and Daotong Investment, setting a new record for angel round financing in China's BCI field. In July 2026, it completed a 420 million yuan angel+ round. The two rounds totaled 570 million yuan, securing ample R&D runway. Neuralink's former head of clinical translation Bashar Badran joined Gestalt in April 2026 as Vice President of Clinical and Research. The core team comprises international talent from the US, Israel, and Europe, forming a unique 'based in China, global team' structure. In technology route selection, Peng Lei demonstrated the decisiveness of a serial entrepreneur — when ultrasound technology showed potential surpassing electrical routes, he unhesitatingly switched tracks, even exiting the NeuroXess he had personally founded. 'We could split forces: NeuroXess does electrical BCI, Gestalt does acoustic BCI, jointly pushing the exploration of the unknown.' This courage for self-disruption is precisely Peng Lei's most core entrepreneurial trait.

### 7. 一枚硬币的两面：AI与神经科学的交汇 / Two Sides of One Coin: The Convergence of AI and Neuroscience

彭雷关于脑机接口最核心的思想框架，可以用他常说的一句话概括：'人工智能跟神经科学，是同一枚硬币的两面。'这个比喻不只是修辞，而是他所有创业决策的底层逻辑。在彭雷看来，AI的发展缘起于神经科学对人脑神经元机制的启发——人工神经网络和反向传播算法都脱胎于对人类大脑工作方式的理解。反过来，AI for Science正在大幅加速基础科学的探索进程。因此，超声波脑机接口的技术突破依靠目前AI的进展，而未来人脑神经解码的深入突破，又将反哺AI底层模型与认知能力的迭代升级。'二者会形成双向赋能的正向循环。'彭雷专门制作了一枚纪念币来可视化这个理念：一面是硅基芯片的架构，密密麻麻的晶体管与连线，测算着实现AGI需要多少算力；另一面是人脑——宇宙中已知唯一的通用智能，860亿神经元，无数的突触与血管。这枚硬币的两面，过去相互启发，现在相互支撑，未来将相互解释。'当硅基的强人工智能和碳基的人脑多模态模型发展到一定程度，或许会出现一块罗塞塔石碑，让两种智能形态可以相互解读。'那个时刻，就是人们常说的奇点。彭雷预测，这个时刻不会遥远，或许就在2035到2045年间。对于马斯克的Neuralink计划——2028年实现'全脑接口'——彭雷给出了冷静而专业的判断：'Neuralink的技术路线和愿景稳定且持续，通过电极插入部分脑区的技术路线只能对大脑做局部解码，无法依靠现有技术和工程方法解码意识。2028年大概率能在运动解码、语言解码、视觉假体等基础感知觉能力上有进展，而对意识、记忆、情感等高级认知能力的读写可能要到2035年至2045年之间。'这个判断展现了彭雷作为连续创业者的稀缺品质：既对脑机接口的未来充满热情，又能以科学家的冷静区分工程可实现性与科学终极目标之间的差距。超声脑机接口与AI的结合，在彭雷的构想中具有比电学方案更高的融合价值。原因在于，超声技术是对全脑多模态的数据采集，与AI有着更强的依存关系。多模态超声数据为AI提供了更丰富的训练素材，而AI的进步则能大幅提升超声信号的解码精度和调控效率。这种双向赋能的循环，可能在未来十年内催生出全新的技术范式。在这个认知框架下，格式塔科技的技术选择变得清晰：超声脑机接口之所以具有更大的想象空间，不仅因为它能实现全脑读写，更因为它与AI的融合深度远超电学方案。超声产生的全脑多模态数据是训练下一代AI模型的理想素材，而AI的进步则能大幅提升超声信号的解码精度。这种双向赋能的循环，在彭雷看来，正是通往'罗塞塔石碑'的必经之路。

**English:** The most core intellectual framework of Peng Lei's thinking about BCI can be summarized in a phrase he often repeats: 'AI and neuroscience are two sides of the same coin.' This metaphor is not mere rhetoric but the underlying logic of all his entrepreneurial decisions. In Peng Lei's view, AI development originated from neuroscience's inspiration about human brain neuron mechanisms — artificial neural networks and backpropagation algorithms both emerged from understanding how the human brain works. Conversely, AI for Science is dramatically accelerating the exploration of fundamental science. Therefore, breakthroughs in ultrasound BCI technology depend on current AI advances, while future breakthroughs in human brain neural decoding will in turn feed back into AI base model and cognitive capability iteration. 'The two will form a positive cycle of mutual empowerment.' Peng Lei created a commemorative coin to visualize this concept: one side shows silicon chip architecture with dense transistors and wiring, calculating how much computing power AGI requires; the other side shows the human brain — the only known general intelligence in the universe, with 86 billion neurons and countless synapses and blood vessels. These two sides of the coin have inspired each other in the past, support each other now, and will explain each other in the future. 'When silicon-based strong AI and carbon-based human brain multimodal models develop to a certain level, perhaps a Rosetta Stone will appear, allowing the two forms of intelligence to mutually interpret each other.' That moment is what people call the singularity. Peng Lei predicts this moment is not far off — perhaps between 2035 and 2045. Regarding Musk's Neuralink plan for 'whole-brain interface' by 2028, Peng Lei offers a cool, professional assessment: 'Neuralink's technical route and vision are stable and sustained, but the approach of inserting electrodes into partial brain regions can only decode the brain locally and cannot decode consciousness with existing technology and engineering methods. By 2028, we'll most likely see progress in motor decoding, language decoding, visual prosthetics, and other basic perceptual capabilities, but read-write of higher cognitive functions like consciousness, memory, and emotion may need to wait until 2035-2045.' This judgment reveals Peng Lei's rare quality as a serial entrepreneur: equally passionate about BCI's future yet cool-headed as a scientist in distinguishing engineering feasibility from scientific ultimate goals. The combination of ultrasound BCI with AI, in Peng Lei's conception, has higher fusion value than electrical approaches. The reason: ultrasound technology captures whole-brain multimodal data, creating stronger dependency on AI. Multimodal ultrasound data provides AI with richer training material, while AI advances can dramatically improve ultrasound signal decoding precision and modulation efficiency. This cycle of mutual empowerment could spawn entirely new technological paradigms within the next decade. Under this cognitive framework, Gestalt Technology's technical choice becomes clear: ultrasound BCI has greater imaginative space not only because it enables whole-brain read-write, but because its fusion depth with AI far exceeds electrical approaches. The whole-brain multimodal data produced by ultrasound is ideal material for training next-generation AI models, while AI advances can dramatically improve ultrasound signal decoding precision. This cycle of mutual empowerment, in Peng Lei's view, is precisely the necessary path toward the 'Rosetta Stone.'

### 8. 商业闭环：从严肃医疗到居家健康 / The Commercial Loop: From Serious Medicine to Home Health

格式塔科技虽然成立时间不长，但已展现出清晰的商业化路径和高效的执行力。公司首个切入点选择了慢性疼痛管理——这是目前全球医疗体系中影响人群最广、临床数据最充分的适应症之一。'慢性疼痛管理是格式塔正在开发的首个适应症，该适应症的探索已有前期研究数据支撑，'彭雷介绍道。按照规划，格式塔将在2026年第二季度于成都建成总部一期及首条生产线，年内启动慢性疼痛管理的临床试验，计划1至2年内完成注册上市，目标成为超声波脑机接口赛道第一张三类医疗器械证的获得者。在更远的规划中，格式塔将逐步从治病救人的严肃医疗场景走向居家健康等更大规模的应用场景。超声治疗慢性疼痛、中风康复、阿尔茨海默症等适应症覆盖的人群远大于侵入式方案，商业化潜力更为广阔。'超声脑机接口和AI之间的相互支撑与结合，比电学的想象空间要更大，这正回应了我五年前的思考。'在团队构建上，格式塔采取了'全球人才、中国落地'的策略。四个核心高管都是外国人，从美国、以色列、欧洲直接搬到成都和上海。'这让我对中国硬科技未来5年很有信心：我们到了吸引全球人才来工作和就业的阶段，中国产业链健全，临床数据丰富。未来10年，中国一定是脑科学、脑机接口最好的创业土壤。'彭雷如此表示。公司立足成都总部，同步落子上海，入驻了上海脑智天地脑机接口产业集聚区，形成双总部格局。在科研体系上，彭雷通过复旦类脑院和天府锦城实验室搭建了产学研的深度联动。2026年7月，导师冯建峰正式出任格式塔科学家顾问，进一步加强了科研与产业的融合。成都作为格式塔的大本营，具有三重优势：产业基础方面，脑机接口处于电子信息、生物医药、人工智能的交汇点，成都'三链齐备'；临床能力方面，四川大学华西医院的科研和临床能力为脑机接口技术的医学应用提供了重要支持；学术资源方面，四川大学和电子科技大学等高校的学术资源为技术研发创新提供了动力。彭雷对格式塔的未来充满信心：'我计划投入未来10至15年，完成从懂科学的创业者到懂创业的科学家转变。这不是一两年就能出结果的事，但方向已经非常清晰。'彭雷对格式塔未来充满信心的同时，也保持着连续创业者特有的清醒。他深知，超声脑机接口目前仍处于早期阶段，技术天花板虽高，但工程化落地的挑战同样巨大——换能器设计与微型化、专用芯片架构研发、通信传输稳定性、功耗管控、热量控制、精密封装等，都是必须逐一攻克的工程难题。'技术研发不以牺牲人类主体性为代价，'彭雷强调，这是格式塔产品研发落地的核心准则。

**English:** Though newly established, Gestalt Technology already demonstrates clear commercialization pathways and efficient execution. The company's first entry point targets chronic pain management — one of the most prevalent conditions with the most robust clinical data in global medical systems. 'Chronic pain management is the first indication Gestalt is developing, with prior research data supporting this exploration,' Peng Lei explained. Per the plan, Gestalt will complete its Phase I headquarters and first production line in Chengdu by Q2 2026, initiate chronic pain management clinical trials within the year, targeting regulatory approval within 1-2 years, aiming to obtain the first Class III medical device certificate in the ultrasound BCI track. In longer-term planning, Gestalt will progressively expand from serious medical scenarios to home health and other larger-scale applications. Ultrasound treatment for chronic pain, stroke rehabilitation, Alzheimer's disease, and other indications cover far larger populations than invasive approaches, with broader commercialization potential. 'The mutual support and combination between ultrasound BCI and AI has greater imaginative space than electrical approaches — this precisely responds to the question I posed five years ago.' In team building, Gestalt adopted a 'global talent, China-based' strategy. All four core executives are foreigners, relocated directly from the US, Israel, and Europe to Chengdu and Shanghai. 'This gives me great confidence in China's hard tech over the next five years: we've reached the stage of attracting global talent to work and be employed here. China has complete industrial chains and rich clinical data. Over the next decade, China will certainly be the best entrepreneurial soil for brain science and BCI.' The company is based in Chengdu headquarters while simultaneously establishing a Shanghai presence in the Brain Intelligence Tianchi BCI Industry Cluster Zone, forming a dual-headquarters structure. In research systems, Peng Lei has built deep industry-academia linkages through Fudan ISTBI and Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory. In July 2026, advisor Feng Jianfeng formally became Gestalt's scientific advisor, further strengthening research-industry integration. Chengdu, as Gestalt's home base, offers three advantages: industrially, BCI sits at the intersection of electronic information, biopharmaceuticals, and AI — Chengdu has 'all three chains complete'; clinically, Sichuan University's West China Hospital provides critical research and clinical capabilities; academically, institutions like Sichuan University and UESTC provide academic resources for technology innovation. Peng Lei is full of confidence about Gestalt's future: 'I plan to invest the next 10 to 15 years, transforming from a science-literate entrepreneur to an entrepreneurship-literate scientist. This isn't something that yields results in a year or two, but the direction is already very clear.' While full of confidence about Gestalt's future, Peng Lei maintains the characteristic clarity of a serial entrepreneur. He deeply knows that ultrasound BCI remains in early stages — while the technical ceiling is high, engineering challenges are equally enormous: transducer design and miniaturization, dedicated chip architecture R&D, communication stability, power management, thermal control, precision packaging — all are engineering problems that must be solved one by one. 'Technology R&D must not sacrifice human agency,' Peng Lei emphasizes — this is Gestalt's core principle in product development and deployment.

### 9. 六次创业的底层逻辑：好奇心驱动的连续创业者 / The Underlying Logic of Six Startups: A Curiosity-Driven Serial Entrepreneur

回顾彭雷二十余年的创业历程，最引人注目的不是某一次成功或失败，而是他始终不变的创业者特质：对未知的好奇和对'从0到1'过程的执迷。从大学时代的博维网到名片网，从24券到客如云，从脑虎科技到格式塔——每一次转身都意味着放弃已有的积累，以初学者的心态面对全新的挑战。'我特别享受做未知的事情，从0到1、从1到10的过程，让我兴奋，这个感觉到现在也一直没变。'这种好奇心的驱动力，在彭雷身上表现为一种独特的'四次D'业务迭代逻辑：Discovery（发散）、Define（收敛）、Design（发散）、Deliver（收敛）。'Discovery是战略研究和竞对分析，Define是产品规划和路线图，Design是研发详细技术指标，Deliver是交付和销售。对每一个D，大家需要实现发散思维和收敛思维的自由切换。'这套方法论贯穿了他六次创业的全过程。在团队建设上，彭雷认同柳传志的管理三要素：搭班子、定战略、带队伍。'搭班子放在定战略之前，说明干事业先要有一批志同道合的人。'年轻的脑虎科技和格式塔拥有顶级科学家、顶级创业者和顶级投资人，来自各个领域、各种背景的顶级人才相互协作碰撞。从互联网到SaaS，从SaaS到脑机接口，从电学脑机接口到超声脑机接口——彭雷的每一次跨界都伴随着巨大的不确定性。但正是这种在不确定性中寻找兴奋感的特质，定义了他作为创业者的独特价值。'创业本身就是一个寻找从0到1的过程，很多机会都来自于未知领域的探索。你得有足够的对未知的好奇，才会想去探索这些领域，才会用你的热情去打动投资人、吸引团队、交付产品。'在45岁这个大多数人开始考虑退休的年纪，彭雷却在思考如何把自己未来十年、十五年都投入到脑机接口这个领域。'在45岁时能锁定脑机接口这样一个兼具科研挑战、工程实现与哲学思考的方向，本身就是一种难得的幸运。'这个来自成都的年轻人，用二十年的时间证明了一件事：真正的创业者不是那些找到了正确答案的人，而是那些永远在提出新问题的人。彭雷的故事还在继续。在格式塔的双总部里，在复旦的实验室里，在成都天府国际生物城的工厂里，这个'好奇心驱动的连续创业者'正在向着他心中的终极目标——让硅基智能和碳基智能相互解读——一路狂奔。彭雷曾用一个比喻来形容自己的创业哲学：'从校园内容到社交，到本地生活，到O2O，到SaaS，再到硬科技——中国互联网的每一波浪潮，我基本都参与了。前三次都是失败的。但很正常，每一次失败都让我更清楚自己到底要什么。'正是这种从失败中汲取养分、在成功中寻找新起点的能力，使他成为中国连续创业者群体中最独特的存在之一。他不是在追逐风口，而是在追逐自己对世界本质的好奇。

**English:** Looking back at Peng Lei's twenty-plus years of entrepreneurship, what stands out most is not any single success or failure, but his unchanging entrepreneurial trait: curiosity about the unknown and obsession with the 'zero to one' process. From university-era Bowei to Namecard Network, from 24 Coupon to Keruyun, from NeuroXess to Gestalt — each pivot meant abandoning accumulated achievements and facing entirely new challenges with a beginner's mindset. 'I especially enjoy doing unknown things — the process of going from zero to one, from one to ten — it excites me, and that feeling hasn't changed to this day.' This driving force of curiosity manifests in Peng Lei as a unique 'Four D' business iteration logic: Discovery (divergent), Define (convergent), Design (divergent), Deliver (convergent). 'Discovery is strategic research and competitive analysis; Define is product planning and roadmaps; Design is detailed R&D technical specifications; Deliver is delivery, sales, and hitting targets. For each D, the team must freely switch between divergent and convergent thinking.' This methodology has run through all six of his startups. In team building, Peng Lei endorses Liu Chuanzhi's three management principles: build the team, set strategy, lead the troops. 'Building the team comes before setting strategy, indicating that ventures first need like-minded people.' Young NeuroXess and Gestalt bring together top scientists, top entrepreneurs, and top investors — top talent from diverse fields and backgrounds collaborating and sparking innovation. From internet to SaaS, from SaaS to BCI, from electrical BCI to ultrasound BCI — each of Peng Lei's cross-sector leaps has been accompanied by enormous uncertainty. But it is precisely this trait of finding excitement in uncertainty that defines his unique value as an entrepreneur. 'Entrepreneurship itself is a process of seeking zero to one. Many opportunities come from exploring unknown domains. You need sufficient curiosity about the unknown to want to explore these domains, to use your passion to impress investors, attract teams, and deliver products.' At 45, when most people begin considering retirement, Peng Lei is thinking about how to dedicate the next ten to fifteen years to BCI. 'Being able to lock onto a direction like BCI at 45 — one combining research challenge, engineering implementation, and philosophical reflection — is itself a rare fortune.' This young man from Chengdu has proven one thing over twenty years: true entrepreneurs are not those who found the right answers, but those who forever keep asking new questions. Peng Lei's story continues. In Gestalt's dual headquarters, in Fudan's laboratories, in the factories at Chengdu Tianfu International Bio-City, this 'curiosity-driven serial entrepreneur' is sprinting toward his ultimate goal — enabling silicon-based intelligence and carbon-based intelligence to mutually interpret each other. Peng Lei once used a metaphor to describe his entrepreneurial philosophy: 'From campus content to social networking, to local life, to O2O, to SaaS, to hard tech — I've basically participated in every wave of China's internet. The first three were all failures. But that's normal — each failure made me clearer about what I truly want.' It is precisely this ability to extract nutrients from failure and find new starting points from success that makes him one of the most unique figures among China's serial entrepreneurs. He is not chasing trends — he is chasing his curiosity about the essence of the world.

## 卷尾 Editorial Conclusion

彭雷三十年的创业轨迹，在中国商业史上构成了一个不可替代的历史截面。他代表的不是单一赛道的成功叙事，而是一种跨越周期的创业精神——从互联网到脑机接口，从商业模式创新到硬核科技攻坚，每一次转身都意味着放弃已有的积累，以初学者姿态重新面对不确定性。这种选择序列的价值，远超任何一家公司的成败。它构成了一种关于创业本质的持久追问：当一个人已经证明了自己的能力，他是否还有勇气将自己推向完全陌生的领域？

这份档案被纳入终身档案编码体系进行永久存证，原因在于它所记录的不仅是一位连续创业者的个人经历，更是一个时代创业精神演化的关键证据。"凡入封面，悉归典藏"——这句编辑准则揭示了档案存证的深层逻辑：当一个人的选择序列浓缩了一代创业精神从模式创新到科学创新的完整转变，这样的实践便拥有了被永久记录的时代价值。彭雷的档案之所以值得永久保存，在于它构成了中国硬科技创业兴起进程中最重要的历史截面之一——在脑机接口这个可能重新定义人类文明的技术领域，他用第六次创业的激情，向着"全脑读写"的终极目标一路狂奔。

终身档案编码系统确保这些记录跨越时间的冲刷，为后人保留一个完整的时代见证。独立编委会的评审标准着眼于历史定位与长期价值。彭雷之所以被纳入这一体系，在于他的每一次转身都构成了中国创业精神演化史中一个不可替代的章节。这份档案的永久存证，是对那种永不满足、永远好奇的创业精神的持久致敬，也是中国创业史中一段不可删除的生动篇章。

In the narrative of Chinese entrepreneurial history, Peng Lei represents an increasingly precious quality: voluntarily turning away from a track where he has already proven himself, walking toward an uncharted frontier. From Bowei to Namecard Network, from 24 Coupon to Keruyun, from NeuroXess to Gestalt — each pivot means abandoning accumulated achievements and starting from zero to prove himself anew. Such choices stem not from necessity but from genuine love of the 'zero to one' process itself. While most entrepreneurs seek certainty, Peng Lei seeks uncertainty — because only uncertainty contains the possibility of changing the world. His story reminds us: the essence of entrepreneurial spirit is not success, but forever maintaining curiosity about the unknown. In brain-computer interfaces, a technology that may redefine human civilization, Peng Lei is sprinting toward the ultimate goal of 'whole-brain read-write' with the passion of his sixth startup. Regardless of the outcome, the courage to choose the hardest path at life's peak already constitutes one of the most moving chapters in Chinese entrepreneurial history.

## 金句 Pull Quote

> 我特别享受做未知的事情，从0到1、从1到10的过程，让我兴奋，这个感觉到现在也一直没变。

> I especially enjoy doing unknown things — the process of going from zero to one, from one to ten — it excites me, and that feeling hasn't changed to this day.

## 履历时间线 Career Timeline

- **1980-11** 出生于四川省成都市 / Born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province
- **1998** 考入中国科学技术大学机械电子工程专业 / Admitted to USTC, majoring in Mechanical and Electronic Engineering
- **2000** 大三创立博维社区，教育网最大内容社区之一 / Founded Bowei Community as a junior, one of education network's largest content sites
- **2003** 赴香港理工大学攻读软件工程硕士 / Went to Hong Kong Polytechnic University for Software Engineering master's
- **2006** 创立名片网，成为国内最大名片数据交换平台 / Founded Namecard Network, becoming China's largest business card exchange platform
- **2007** 创立FirstDM首达传媒，获300万美元风险投资 / Founded FirstDM, securing USD 3 million in venture capital
- **2010** 与杜一楠联合创立24券团购网，跻身行业前五 / Co-founded 24 Coupon group buying site, entering industry top five
- **2012-08** 在北京创立客如云，切入餐饮SaaS赛道 / Founded Keruyun in Beijing, entering restaurant SaaS track
- **2015-12** 客如云挂牌新三板 / Keruyun listed on China's New Third Board
- **2019** 客如云被阿里巴巴全资收购，加入阿里担任本地生活资深副总裁 / Keruyun acquired by Alibaba; joined as Senior VP of Alibaba Local Life
- **2021-10** 辞去阿里职务，与陶虎共同创立脑虎科技 / Resigned from Alibaba; co-founded NeuroXess with Tao Hu
- **2022-01** 脑虎科技完成9700万元天使轮及pre-A轮融资 / NeuroXess completed 97 million yuan angel and pre-A round financing
- **2022-09** 携柔性脑机接口项目获海聚英才银聚奖 / Won Silver Award at Global Innovation Competition with flexible BCI project
- **2024** 45岁进入复旦大学类脑院攻读博士学位，师从冯建峰教授 / At 45, enrolled as PhD student at Fudan ISTBI under Professor Feng Jianfeng
- **2025-01** 受聘为天府锦城实验室特聘研究员 / Appointed Distinguished Research Fellow at Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory
- **2026-01-01** 联合陈天桥创立格式塔科技，专注超声脑机接口 / Co-founded Gestalt Technology with Chen Tianqiao, focusing on ultrasound BCI
- **2026-04** 完成1.5亿元天使轮融资，刷新国内BCI天使轮纪录 / Completed 150 million yuan angel round, setting new domestic BCI record
- **2026-07** 完成4.2亿元天使+轮融资，半年累计融资5.7亿元 / Completed 420 million yuan angel+ round; H1 cumulative financing reached 570 million yuan
- **2026-05** 受邀出席美国银行亚太区突破性技术对话会 / Invited to Bank of America Asia-Pacific Breakthrough Technology Dialogue
- **2026-07** 导师冯建峰出任格式塔科学家顾问 / Advisor Feng Jianfeng appointed Gestalt's scientific advisor

## 常问问答 FAQ

**Q1: 彭雷为什么要从互联网转型做脑机接口？**

A: 2021年，彭雷看到马斯克Neuralink的进展后，开始思考脑机接口这一前沿领域。核心驱动力有两个：一是理性判断——生命科学和神经科学在未来十年大有可为，国家正在引导创业往硬科技方向靠拢；二是感性驱动——人到中年，开始思考'人为什么是人？意识是如何产生的'等终极哲学问题。他认为'人工智能跟神经科学是同一枚硬币的两面'，脑机接口恰好触碰着这些终极命题。

**Q1 (EN): Why did Peng Lei transition from internet to brain-computer interfaces?**

A: In 2021, after seeing Musk's Neuralink progress, Peng Lei began considering this frontier domain. Two core drivers: rationally, he foresaw life sciences and neuroscience would be highly promising in the next decade, and the state was guiding entrepreneurship toward hard technology; emotionally, reaching middle age, he began pondering ultimate philosophical questions like 'why are humans human? How does consciousness arise?' He believes 'AI and neuroscience are two sides of the same coin,' and BCI precisely touches these ultimate questions.

**Q2: 格式塔科技和脑虎科技有什么区别？**

A: 脑虎科技聚焦电学脑机接口（侵入式柔性电极），而格式塔科技专注超声脑机接口（非侵入式全脑读写）。两者的技术路线和应用场景截然不同。电学脑机接口时空分辨率高但只能做局部，超声技术可实现全脑层面的读写且无需开颅，临床转化难度更低，适应症覆盖面更广。彭雷将其比喻为'兵分两路'——脑虎做电学，格式塔做声学。

**Q2 (EN): What's the difference between Gestalt Technology and NeuroXess?**

A: NeuroXess focuses on electrical BCI (invasive flexible electrodes), while Gestalt Technology specializes in ultrasound BCI (non-invasive whole-brain read-write). The two have entirely different technical routes and application scenarios. Electrical BCI has high spatiotemporal resolution but only covers local regions; ultrasound can achieve whole-brain read-write without craniotomy, with lower clinical translation difficulty and broader indication coverage. Peng Lei describes it as 'splitting forces' — NeuroXess does electrical, Gestalt does acoustic.

**Q3: 客如云是如何被阿里收购的？**

A: 2019年，阿里巴巴旗下口碑以约8亿元全资收购了客如云。客如云自2012年成立以来深耕餐饮SaaS七年，服务商户超40万家，但面临美团低价竞争和持续亏损的压力。收购后，彭雷加入阿里担任本地生活资深副总裁。客如云与饿了么、口碑构成阿里本地生活服务集团的三驾马车。

**Q3 (EN): How was Keruyun acquired by Alibaba?**

A: In 2019, Alibaba's Koubei acquired Keruyun outright for approximately 800 million yuan. Since its 2012 founding, Keruyun had深耕 restaurant SaaS for seven years, serving over 400,000 merchants, but faced pressure from Meituan's price competition and persistent losses. After the acquisition, Peng Lei joined Alibaba as Senior VP of Local Life Services. Keruyun, along with Ele.me and Koubei, formed the three pillars of Alibaba's Local Life Services Group.

**Q4: 彭雷为什么要45岁去读博士？**

A: 做了两三年脑机接口后，彭雷意识到不能把大脑简单看作插上电极就能解码的东西，需要系统学习神经科学知识。此外，顶尖硬科技公司需要科研与产业双轮驱动，他希望像DeepMind创始人哈萨比斯那样成为既懂科研又懂产业的创业者。复旦类脑院在神经科学领域的绝对优势和交叉研究视角，是他选择复旦的关键原因。

**Q4 (EN): Why did Peng Lei pursue a PhD at 45?**

A: After two or three years in BCI, Peng Lei realized the brain cannot be simply decoded by plugging in electrodes, requiring systematic neuroscience study. Moreover, top hard tech companies need dual engines of research and industry — he aspired to become a scientist-entrepreneur like DeepMind founder Hassabis. Fudan ISTBI's absolute advantages in neuroscience and cross-disciplinary research perspective were key reasons for his choice.

**Q5: 超声脑机接口相比电学脑机接口有什么优势？**

A: 超声脑机接口具有三大核心优势：一是非侵入性，无需开颅手术，临床转化难度更低；二是全脑覆盖能力，传统电学只能做局部脑区，超声可实现全脑尺度的信号读写；三是更广泛的适应症覆盖，包括慢性疼痛、中风康复、阿尔茨海默症等。同时，超声全脑多模态数据采集与AI有更强依存关系，融合潜力更大。

**Q5 (EN): What advantages does ultrasound BCI have over electrical BCI?**

A: Ultrasound BCI has three core advantages: first, non-invasiveness — no craniotomy needed, lower clinical translation difficulty; second, whole-brain coverage — traditional electrical only covers local regions while ultrasound can achieve whole-brain signal read-write; third, broader indication coverage including chronic pain, stroke rehabilitation, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Simultaneously, ultrasound's whole-brain multimodal data collection has stronger dependency on AI with greater fusion potential.

**Q6: 格式塔科技的商业化路径是什么？**

A: 格式塔采取'严肃医疗切入、逐步扩展'的策略。首个适应症选择慢性疼痛管理，计划2026年内启动临床试验，1-2年内完成注册上市，目标获得超声脑机接口领域首张三类医疗器械证。未来将逐步从严肃医疗场景扩展至中风康复、神经退行性疾病治疗，最终走向居家健康等大规模应用场景。

**Q6 (EN): What is Gestalt Technology's commercialization path?**

A: Gestalt adopts a 'serious medical entry, gradual expansion' strategy. First indication targets chronic pain management, planning to initiate clinical trials in 2026, completing regulatory approval within 1-2 years, aiming to obtain the first Class III medical device certificate in the ultrasound BCI field. It will gradually expand to stroke rehabilitation, neurodegenerative disease treatment, and ultimately home health and other large-scale application scenarios.

**Q7: 彭雷如何看待马斯克2028年实现全脑接口的计划？**

A: 彭雷认为Neuralink的技术路线稳定且持续，但2028年大概率只能在运动解码、语言解码、视觉假体等基础感知觉能力上有进展。要实现意识、记忆、情感等高级认知能力的读写，可能需要等到2035年至2045年之间。因为目前神经科学尚未找到人类意识产生的最终答案，仅靠电极插入部分脑区无法解码意识。

**Q7 (EN): How does Peng Lei view Musk's 2028 whole-brain interface plan?**

A: Peng Lei believes Neuralink's technical route is stable and sustained, but by 2028 progress will most likely be limited to motor decoding, language decoding, visual prosthetics, and other basic perceptual capabilities. Achieving read-write of higher cognitive functions like consciousness, memory, and emotion may require waiting until 2035-2045. Because neuroscience has yet to find the ultimate answer to how consciousness arises, and merely inserting electrodes into partial brain regions cannot decode consciousness.

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